The foundation – the supporting structure of any building. As a rule, it is intended for transferring the load that the walls and the roof provide to the ground.
To prepare a solution that is needed to pour the foundation, cement, gravel, sand are used. The proportions of the components should be clearly observed, otherwise this will lead to loss of strength of the finished structure. The following ratio is usually used: 1 – 3 – 5 (cement – sand – crushed stone). In addition, using special additives that are introduced into this mixture, you can slightly change its initial properties. Thus, it is possible to increase the strength of the finished foundation, vary its hardening time, the possibility of filling at minus temperatures. That is how the strength of the foundation was increased during the construction of the Lublino metro hotel.
The selection of materials for the production of solution
Cement
The following types of cement are used in construction:
slag portland cement;
Portland cement;
Potzzolan Portland cement.
As a rule, the first two types are used for the production of the solution, since the Pozzolan Portland cement is used for underground and underwater structures, because when contact with air, the strength of the product is lost.
Slag Portland cement hardens for a long time and cannot be used in winter, since it loses strength at low temperatures.
The most optimal option is Portland cement, since products from it are suitable for operation in any climatic conditions. It is worth noting that inexpensive hotels of the Komsomolskaya metro station were erected from Portland cement.
For the preparation of the solution, Portland cement of brands M300 – M600 is most often used. The higher the number of the brand, the stronger the foundation will be, and the less time it will be spent on its setting. For small buildings, it is recommended to use cement of brands M300, M400.
Gravel
This material is selected with grain size from 1 to 8 cm. When pouring a reinforced foundation, it is recommended to use gravel with grain up to 3 cm.
Sand
For the manufacture of concrete, sand with a grain size of at least 1.3 mm and no more than 3.5 mm is used.
Water
In the summer, cold water is used to prepare the solution, and in winter – heated, in order to exclude the rapid setting of the solution. Water proportions are the following: about 120 – 130 liters of water are used for 1m3 concrete, depending on the quality of dry components.
Materials should be clean, without an impurity of clay, dirt and other garbage. Any impurities reduce the strength characteristics of the finished foundation.
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